Symbols and Symbolism Essay - Characters as Symbols in The Great Gatsby

Characters as Symbols in The not bad(p) Gatsby People hold divers(prenominal) things to be symbolic. Dove and peace, a rose and love they are simple things yet widely symbolic. Symbolism is commonly used in literature to trade or deepen meanings or instill a different meaning to the mind of the readers. The reader is forced to think, make connections, and succeed in adding a new(a) meaning to the novel. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses symbolism in the form of his characters and to develop the theme, the corruption of the American Dream. All of the characters are symbolic of different classes in American society, from the richest to the poorest. Through the characters, Fitzgerald characterizes all the hopes and dreams of people living during the Jazz Age. As is typical of humans, none of the characters are satisfied with what they have. each(prenominal) character wants more than what they are acquiring out of life. gobbler and Daisy Buchanan represent old mon ey they seem to have it all wealth, place in high society, a family, and all the advantages that come with be wealthy. On the surface they appear to be what the American Dream is all about however, they are both dissatisfied with their lives, themselves, and each other. They are a unpolluted example of the Dreams corruption because in spite of all they have, they are still seeking the true luxuries that each person wants from life love, peace, and true happiness. Both Tom and Daisy are indifferent to the suffering hopes and dreams of all those around them. They were careless people....they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money...and let other people loose up their mess (Fitzgerald 188). A clear example of their careless... ...ife were for all the wrong reasons. It is here that he really begins to appreciate Gatsby and the purity of his dream. In Nicks opinion, Gatsby is worth the tout ensemble damn bunch put together (Fitgerald 16 2). Nick offers insight into a world in which the true American Dream is all but extinct. Fitzgerald successfully used his characters as symbols to develop the corruption of the American Dream. Individually, the characters are symbolic of the various classes in American society collectively they represent the dissatisfaction of achieving the American Dream. Each class defines the Dream differently, but the material aspects are all the same. The American Dream is increasingly corrupt and it is harder to find individuals who realize its true meaning. Work Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. London Penguin Books, 1990.

Jane Austens View of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Austen

Jane Austens View of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want if a wife This comment is humorous and satirical, but holds an underlying truth. The fact that Jane Austen opens the fiction with such a comment on conjugal union evidences the importance of the theme in the book. Indeed the novel is all about marriage in society. Austen lived in a while when marriage was the only way out for some women, or they would be forced to become a governess and lose their independence. The way that this porta sentence is out provides another theme, satire. Austen sees the following marriages that she writes on as amusing but they are still frowned upon, such as the marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas. Austen sees this marriage as beneficial for both partners. He can potter around the garden and suck up to Lady Catherine deBourgh, while Charlotte spends her time alone reading. The outgrowt h marriage to be examined is that of Mr and Mrs Bennet. This is not a marriage of love, but of vulgarity and shallow natures of both parties. Mr Bennet is of a higher class than Mrs Bennet, who is a womanhood of mean understanding contrasting Mr Bennets quick parts. They have been married 23 years and at once, the Bennets realise that they have absolutely nothing in common, so they withdraw from each other. Mr Bennet spends all day in his study retreated from Mrs Bennet and her gossip. With a book he was regardless of time Mrs Bennet spends her day with tittle-tattle and idle conversation. She is vulgar in her behaviour the only aim for her is to get her daughters married off to someone with lots of money. Austen shows us ... ...g from the couples opening resentment of each other - Elizabeth herself describes the malice of Mr Darcy. His all turns around, and we know that Darcy is the most suitable husband for Elizabeth. He is generous and intelligent, and Elizabeth is convinced th at she could have been felicitous with him when she almost loses him. In fact of course they are, and we dont need a sequel to be told that Works CitedAusten, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Donald Gray. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1996.Fritzer, Penelope Joan. Jane Austen and Eighteenth-Century Courtesy Books. Westport, Connecticut Greenwood Press, 1997.Monaghan, David. Jane Austen grammatical construction and Social Vision. New York Barnes & Noble Books, 1980.Rubinstein, E., ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Pride and Prejudice. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969.

Bankruptcy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Over the years, the process of declaring nonstarter has become incredibly simple. Because of this change, the number of people declaring bankruptcy is at an all time high. Today, bankruptcy is a rough-cut thing among companies and individuals alike. The American bankruptcy law allows people to avoid paying their debts by offering the debtors a discharge without a harsh consequence. By not having repercussions for their presentions, bankruptcy filers often plan future bankruptcies, allowing them to steal even more money from creditors with no punishment. There are 13 different chapters in the bankruptcy system with the principal chapters being 7,11, and 13. You can only file for bankruptcy under these three chapters, the others are there to explain how the system works. Under Chapter 7, a persons debts are wiped away while under chapters 11 and 13, debts are frozen while the debtor figures out a way to take affirm them. The people filing Chapter 7 are stealing money from credito rs who are trying to help them. It is ones moral duty to pay back his debts and one should be disgraced and embarrassed if they borrowed money they cannot pay back. Over 1,400,000 people filed for bankruptcy in 1998 under Chapter 7, Chapter 11, and Chapter 13. 75% of them were under Chapter 7, leaving retailers, bankers, and credit-card companies with $40 billion in unpaid debts (Kopecki 5) (Pomykala 16). The use of different reforms could cut down on the number of Chapter 7 filings and put responsibility back on the debtor. Declaring Chapter 7 bankruptcy is ethically and morally wrong and through different reforms this current right would be considered a villainy.Bankruptcy was slowly transformed through accounting from being a crime committed by debtors into a social welfare program. In the past, bankruptcy offenders were severely punished. Before the mid-19th century, bankruptcy was a crime (Pomykala 16). There were many ways to punish those who committed this heinous act. The Pennsylvania Bankruptcy Act of 1785 allowed the flogging of these offenders while their ear was nailed to a post and by and by the ear was cut off. Similar to Hester Prynnes punishment of wearing a scarlet A on her chest for adultery, people who committed the act of bankruptcy were branded on the thumb with a T for thief (Pomykala 17). Various punishments like these served as a warning to future violators. B... ...uer, and Robin Leonard. How to burden for CHAPTER 7BANKRUPTCY. Berkeley nary(prenominal)o 1999.Feltman, Peter. Bankruptcy Bill Closer to Enactment. Bankruptcy Debate Continues 12 Dec. 2001..Hanson, Randall K., A new chapter in bankruptcy reform. Journal of Accountancy Feb. 1999.Irons, John S., tete-a-tete Debt Two Views on Debt. About.com 12 Dec 2001Jasper, Margaret C., Bankruptcy Law for the Individual Debtor. New York Oceana 1997.Kopecki, Dawn, More American Debtors Turn to Chapters 7 & 13. (bankruptcy law makes discharging debt easy). Insight on the News 22 Mar. 19 99.Pearce, John A. II, Samuel A. DiLullo, When a strategic plan includes bankruptcy. Business Horizons Sept.-Oct. 1998.Pomykala, Joseph S., BANKRUPTCY LAWS The Need for Reform. USA Today Nov. 1999Pomykala, Joseph. BANKRUPTCY REFORM Principals and Guidelines (Revised Edition) Regulation Vol. 20, No. 4, 1997.Warner, David, Bills seek to slow bankruptcy filings. (Congress introduceslegislation to make bankruptcy laws more strict). Nations Business Mar. 1999

The Evil Iago of Shakespeares Othello Essay -- GCSE English Literatur

How sh in all I murder him, Iago?   This one line, spoken by Othello, in Shakespeares play of the same name speaks volumes of the evil and deceitful nature of the parting being spoken to, Iago. The ability to turn a noble, self controlled, respected man such as Othello into a raving, murderous lunatic can however be had by an evil man such as Iago. Iago is conniving, vengeful, vain, ruinous, dishonest, egotistical and paranoid. This makes him one of the most evil men in all of literature.   The first of some(prenominal) examples of Iagos villainy occurs in scene one of act one. His vain ego has been hurt. Othello has chosen a bookish theoric to be his lieutenant instead of Iago. Iago has this to say of Othellos plectrum   Forsooth, a great arithmetician, One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, A fellow almost dammed in a fair wife, That never set a squadron in the knit stitch Nor the division of a battle knows More than a spinster--unless the bookish theoric, Wherein t he togaed consuls can propose As masterly as he. Mere prattle without practice Is all his soldiership. But he, sir, had th election And I, of whom his eyes had seen the proof At Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds Christianed and heathen, mustiness be beleed and calmed By debitor and creditor. This countercaster, He, in good time, must his lieutenant be, And I--God bless the mark--his Moorships ancient.   This position is one Iago expected, not only because of his seniority in battle, but also because of his seniority with Othello himself.   Iago clearly shows his vengefulness when he tells Roderigo Call up her father.Rouse him, make after him, poison his delight...&n... ...bolical plan. He has traded wife for wife as Othello has smothered, albeit regretfully, Desdemona. When discovered by Emilia, Othello confesses, saying it was Iago that persuaded him to murder her. Emilia tells Othello excessively late of the lies told by her husband and she dies at the hands of Ia go for her confession. Iagos lies have come to a crescendo and Othello realizes he has been deceived. Othello then commits suicide and we find, in this case, in beau monde for love to conquer all, evil must triumph. As is the case oftentimes in real life, there is no happy ending.   Iago is, for the literary world, evil incarnate. He lies and deceives with half-truths, to achieve his revenge, causing distrust and ultimately murder and suicide. This makes Iago one of the most evil, but most memorable characters, if not in all of literature, at least in all of Shakespeare.

Ghost Stories Essay -- Literary Analysis, Realism and Victimization

Ghost stories are a truly timeless form of literature, the ghost, like death, has no end. Stories of the supernatural date foul to early ancient manuscripts involving mythology, legend, and religion. The past few centuries have seen the supernatural flourish in Gothic romance through tales of fantastic creatures, demonic forces, and parallel dimensions (Scarborough). affair in the other-worldly has provoked many stories involving the interaction between the living and the returning dead. The well-engineered ghost stories of M.R. James seem to arouse these eerie skin tingling feelings. Techniques aimed at involving the readers awareness Jamess narrative and folkloric superstitions in the mezzotint engage the readers imagination and psyche. The realistic settings, supernatural elements, and sensational fiction that is doused in mystery, builds anticipation. Jamess clear an intelligent knowledge of human restiveness elicits fear, excitement, and curiosity through imagery, the uncanny , and subtle suggestions that transform into personal supernatural experiences. The oratory nature of Jamess stories bring the characters and the drama to life and constructs fear in the reader with bodyless texuality fearing that these words on the page might spring to life (Mulbey-Roberts 236).In contrast to supernatural Gothic tradition, Jamess short stories shy away from the elaborate romanticism and concentrate on basic elements of fear such as realism and victimization. The narrative style of Jamess The Mezzotint is similar to the original delivery of his ghost stories. With elements of direct savoir-faire and candid conversation the narrator awakens the readers awareness by controlling and regulating the flow of information similar... ...t no man wishs to be buried on the northeastern United States side of a churchyard for it is Hells corner (48). Another popular superstition or tradition that can be found in todays culture is the keep down three. The number appears se veral times in the story and Jamess small attention to detail adds to the mystery. Sayings like all things thrive at thrice . . . and encouragement . . . to estimate the third time . . . will say that the thirds a charm or a coroner never comes once but thrice(Opie,Tatem 403). Gawdy is executed and returns for his persecutors, Franciss, wholly son. Francis is found dead on the third anniversary of his sons disappearance, having just completed the mezzotint, with all three dead and the climax coming to an end James ensures that a residual effect from the fear continues with the narrator stating that the picture still hangs in Ashliean Museum.

Ghost Stories Essay -- Literary Analysis, Realism and Victimization

Ghost stories are a truly timeless form of literature, the ghost, like death, has no end. Stories of the supernatural date guts to early ancient manuscripts involving mythology, legend, and religion. The past few centuries have seen the supernatural flourish in Gothic love story through tales of fantastic creatures, demonic forces, and parallel dimensions (Scarborough). wager in the other-worldly has provoked many stories involving the interaction between the living and the returning dead. The well-engineered ghost stories of M.R. James seem to arouse these eerie skin tingling feelings. Techniques aimed at involving the readers awareness Jamess narrative and folkloric superstitions in the mezzotint engage the readers imagination and psyche. The realistic settings, supernatural elements, and sensational fiction that is doused in mystery, builds anticipation. Jamess clear an intelligent knowledge of human jitteriness elicits fear, excitement, and curiosity through imagery, the unca nny, and subtle suggestions that transform into personal supernatural experiences. The oratory nature of Jamess stories bring the characters and the drama to life and constructs fear in the reader with discorporate texuality fearing that these words on the page might spring to life (Mulbey-Roberts 236).In contrast to supernatural Gothic tradition, Jamess short stories shy away from the elaborate romanticism and concentrate on basic elements of fear such as realism and victimization. The narrative style of Jamess The Mezzotint is similar to the original delivery of his ghost stories. With elements of direct language and candid conversation the narrator awakens the readers awareness by controlling and regulating the flow of information similar... ...t no man wishs to be buried on the north-east side of a churchyard for it is Hells corner (48). Another popular superstition or tradition that can be found in todays culture is the issuing three. The number appears several times in the story and Jamess small attention to detail adds to the mystery. Sayings like all things thrive at thrice . . . and encouragement . . . to punctuate the third time . . . will say that the thirds a charm or a coroner never comes once but thrice(Opie,Tatem 403). Gawdy is executed and returns for his persecutors, Franciss, exclusively son. Francis is found dead on the third anniversary of his sons disappearance, having just completed the mezzotint, with all three dead and the climax coming to an end James ensures that a residual effect from the fear continues with the narrator stating that the picture still hangs in Ashliean Museum.

Size Exclusion Chromatography

surface of it Exclusion Chromatography Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) is the separation technique base on the molecular size of it of the components. Size animadversion chromatography is a kind of method to separate variant size of molecules that put in solution. It was first sight by two scientists who named Grant Henry Lathe and Colin R Ruthven. Both of them received the John Scott Award for this fabulous invention. There are various applications for Size exclusion chromatography such as biochemical aspect and polymer synthesis.For application in biochemical aspect, this technique earth-closet find egress the quaternary social organization of purified proteins which possess verbose exchange times, since it can be carried out under native solution conditions and preserve macromolecular interactions. The reason why we use this technique for purification is Size exclusion chromatography is a low resolution chromatography method as it does not identify similar species v ery well. It can similarly test the tertiary structure of protein as it measures the hydrodynamic volume, onlyowing folded and unfolded versions of the same protein to be distinguished.Besides using in biochemical research, it is able to find the distribution of the sizes of polymer molecules like if a solvent is chose and run, we can take a calibration curve to determine the sizes of polymer molecules in it. It is better to introduce the mobile degree and stationary phase first. Stationary phase is the square(a) absorbent material or the cogitate(SEC) with solid support that allow sample across through it while the mobile phase is the sample percolate through or on to the stationary phase.In SEC, separation is achieved by the differential exclusion from the pores of the packing material, of the sample molecules(mobile phase) as they pass through a bed of porous particles(stationary phase). For the principle of the SEC, molecules of different sizes can be separated by this te chnique because of differential time spent inside a solid phase particle which excludes entrance of comparatively larger molecules, allows some entrance of medium-sized molecules, and allows free accessibility of the smallest molecules.The particles contain pores with tunnels(stationary phase) in which the size can be controlled depending on the size of molecules(mobile phase) to be separated. Smaller molecules learn a more complex pathway to exit the particle than do larger molecules. Because molecules that have a large size compared to the pore size of the stationary phase have very little entrance into the pores, these larger sized molecules elute first from the column. Medium sized molecules are relatively large compared to the pore size of the solid phase and therefore may find some pores in which they enter and spend some time.Smaller-sized molecules have more pores that are sociable to them and therefore spend more time inside the pores relative to larger-sized molecules. T herefore, smaller molecules elute last and larger molecules elute first in SEC. Elute is reckon that the carrier of the mobile phase or the mobile phase from chromatographic bed emerge. For the pore size, which is the important part of stationary phase in SEC, solid phase materials used in SEC are usually classified based on their ability to separate different sizes of proteins.Since size is a nasty item to accurately measure for a large molecule, the solid phase materials are identified with a molecular pitch melt instead and the weight is equated with size. All compounds with a molecular weight less than or equal to the lower number in the range will see the entire knowledgeable volume of the beads resulting in no selection and therefore no separation. All compounds with a molecular weight greater than or equal to the high number in the range are completely excluded from the inside of a bead and therefore no separation is achieved.Molecules with weights or sizes between thes e two extremes of the range can be separated. This is the numerical pore size range reported for each solid phase material used in SEC. The pore size used for a separation is dependent on the size range of the particular set of molecules to be separated. Smaller pore sizes are used for quick desalting of proteins or for protein purification. Intermediate pore sizes are used to separate relatively small proteins. Very large pore sizes are used for purification of biological complexes.For the factor that affect the SEC, first, the particles in solution do not have a fixed size, resulting in the probability that a particle that would otherwise be hampered by a pore passing right by it. Second, the stationary-phase particles are not ideally defined, both particles and pores may vary in size. . The stationary phase may also interact in undesirable ways with a particle and influence retention times, though great care is taken by column manufacturers to use stationary phases that are iner t and minimize this issue.Third, increasing the column length will enhance the resolution, and increasing the column diameter increases the energy of the column. Proper column packing is important to maximize resolution An over-packed column can collapse the pores in the beads, resulting in a loss of resolution. An under-packed column can reduce the relative surface area of the stationary phase accessible to smaller species, resulting in those species spending less time trapped in pores.Unlike resemblance chromatography techniques, a solvent head at the top of the column can drastically diminish resolution as the sample diffuses prior to loading, broadening the downriver elution. The advantages of this method include good separation of large molecules from the small molecules with a minimal volume of eluate, and that various solutions can be applied without interfering with the filtration process, all while preserving the biological activity of the particles to be separated.Secon d, the technique is generally combined with others that further separate molecules by other characteristics, such as acidity, basicity, charge, and affinity for veritable compounds. Third, with size exclusion chromatography, there are short and well-defined separation times and narrow bands, which train to good sensitivity. The SEC is separated rapidly. Then, there is also no sample loss because solutes do not interact with the stationary phase. The stationary phase doesnt have any absorbent that nteract with the sample and carry out the reaction with the sample. For the disadvantage of the this method , first is the molecular mass that we need to know. The SEC separation is base on the molecular size/ weight, like the change electrophoresis. It is required to know that there are the range for different of the molecular size. If the difference of the molecular size in the mobile phase, it is not recommended to use this separation. So, in the lead using the SEC, the molecular siz e of each sample in mobile phase are required to identify.In addition, the accommodated of SEC is limited. The mobile phase can not be too big. The time scale of the chromatogram is short, and, in general, there has to be a 10% difference in molecular mass to have a good resolution Also, the pore size need to be determined, too small size or too big size will lead to the failure of the separation SEC. In the world, the chromatography is the separation of the sample base on the polar, size, acidity, basicity, charge, and affinity for certain compoundsSize Exclusion Chromatography is the one of the chromatography that base on the size of the sample, which is similar to the principle of gel electrophoresis. One different point is the stationary phase, which is the column with the pores of the particles. Reference (http//www. separations. us. tosohbioscience. com/ServiceSupport/TechSupport/ResourceCenter/PrinciplesofChromatography/SizeExclusion/) (http//www. asdlib. org/separations_pdfs /Size_Exclusion_Chromatography_Separations_Module-finalversion. pdf) (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Size-exclusion_chromatography),goldbook

Class X – Democratic Politics Book

This book is ab disclose republic. In this low chapter we see how acres has expanded during the last hundred years to to a greater extent and more countries in the ara.More than half of the self-sustaining countries in the foundation to sidereal day ar democracies. The expansion of majority rule has non been smooth and straight. It has seen s incessantlyal ups and drinks in various countries. It simmer down lives an unstable and un genuine achievement. This chapter begins with different stories on the making and unmaking of terra firma from different parts of the world. These stories atomic number 18 meant to come apart a sense of what it means to ascertain majority rule and its absence. We present the pattern of the spread of democracy first with a series of maps and past with a piteous hi sp atomic number 18 up. The focus in this chapter is on democracy within a cat valiumwealth. save towards the end of the chapter, we share a look at democracy or its abs ence in the relations among different countries. We examine the working(a) of whatsoever international organisations. This tout ensembleows us to strike a gravid question are we moving towards democracy at the world(prenominal) level? 2 EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC governance chair Salvador Allende (wearing a helmet) and his pledge guards in front of La M iodinda, cayenne peppers Presidential Palace, on 11 September 1973, hours in front his death. What do you read on eitherones face in this scene? EMOCRAC ACY 1. 1 TWO TALES OF DEMOCRACY Workers of my homelandI wear faith in chilli pepper and its future. Chileans will oercome this dark and bitter moment when treason became dominant. You must(prenominal) never forget that, sooner rather than after(prenominal)ward, the grand avenues will be undefendable where free men will march on to build a demote society. foresighted live Chile Long live the deal Long live the workers These are my last record books and I dev ote certainty that my sacrifice will non be in vain I retain certainty that, at the least, I will be a moral lesson to castigate felony, cowardice, and treason. These are a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal)er extracts from the last speech of Salvador Allende (pronounced Ayen-they).He was then the President of Chile, a clownish in South America. The speech was given on the morning of 11 September 1973, the day his brass was over take inn by the military machine. Allende was the founder EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY attractor of the Socialist Party of Chile and led the Popular Unity coalition to victory in the prexyial election in 1970. after being elective the President, Allende had taken several policy decisions to ath allowic supporter the miserable and the workers. These included reform of the educational system, free milk for children and redistri thation of land to the landless farmers.He was opposed to foreign companies victorious a right smart natural resources like copper from the country. The landlords, the rich and the Church opposed his policies. Some separate policy-making parties in Chile overly opposed his governing body. wherefore did President Allende address himself mainly to workers? Why were the rich unhappy with him? M ilitary Coup of 1973 ilitary Coup On the morning of 11 September 1973, the military took over the seaport. The defense mechanism Minister was arrested by the military when he arrived at his office. The military 3 IN THE NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY humans La Nacion commanders asked the President to resign.Allende ref aimd to resign or leave the country. only when realising the danger to the country and to his life, he addressed the plurality on the radio, part of which we read in the beginning. Then the military surrounded the Presidents ho mathematical function and started bombing it. President Allende died in the military fervor. This was the sacrifice he was talking about in his last speech. A politics el ect by raft was overthrown by the military through conspiracy and violence. What took place in Chile on 11 September 1973 was a military coup. ecumenic Augusto Pinochet (pronounced Pinoshe), an Army general, led the coup.The brass of the United States of America was unhappy with Allendes territorial dominion and is k flatn to pee supported and funded activities that led to the coup. Pinochet became the President of the country and command it for the next 17 years. From a government that was pick out by the mountain, the origin shifted to the military officers. They could do as they wished and no one could question them. Thus a military dictatorship was established in Chile. Pinochets government tortured and killed several of those who supported Allende and those who asked democracy to be restored.These included world-wide Alberto Bachelet of the Chilean Air Force and many other officers who refused to collaborate the coup. usual Bachelets wife and daughter were put in p rison and tortured. More than 3,000 people were killed by the military. Many more were reported missing. No one knows what hap inditeed to them. Did the army throw any legal even out to arrest the defence minister of the country? Should the army cod the proponent to arrest any citizen? A C T I V I T Y Locate and smell Chile on the map. Which severalise in our country has a shape similar to Chile?Follow the news showpaper for one month and collect news items related to any country in Latin America. Did you find the news coverge adequate. President Michelle Bachelet addressing her supporters after her victory in the presidential election in January 2006. From this photograph do you notice any difference between an election rally in Chile and in India? La Nacion, Chile 4 EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS Lech Walesa Poland is famous for its poster art. Most of the posters of Solidarity carried this special way of indite Solidarnosc. Can you find similar examples of poster a rt or wall writing in Indian politics? sto ra Democr cy emocra R esto ra tion of Democra cy Pinochets military dictatorship came to an end after he decided to shoot a referendum in 1988. He felt confident that in this referendum, the people would verbalise yes to his continuing in power. But the people of Chile had not forgotten their rowless traditions. Their vote was a decisive no to Pinochet. This led to Pinochet losing first his semipolitical and then his military powers. The hope Allende expressed in his last address was realised felony, cowardice and treason were finally punished. Political license was restored.Since then Chile has held four presidential elections in which different political parties pack participated. Slowly, the armys role in the countrys government has been eliminated. The elected governments that came to power ordered inquiries into Pinochets regulate. These inquiries showed that his government was not only precise brutal, and besides rattling corrupt. Do you remember a little reference make earlier to habitual Bachelets daughter who was imprisoned and tortured along with her breed? That girl, Michelle Bachelet (pronounced Mishel Bashelet), was elected President of Chile in January 2006.A medical doctor and a moderate socialist, Michelle became the first char to be a Defence Minister in Latin America. In the presidential elections she defeated one of Chiles richest men. In this photograph of her victory speech, she is saying to her supporters Because I was the victim of hatred, I pay off dedicated my life to reverse that hatred and turn it into understanding, tolerance and why not say it into love. emocra cy Poland D emocra cy in Poland Let us turn to other event, this time from Poland, in 1980. At that time Poland was govern by the purification United Workers Party.This was one of the many communist parties that ruled in several countries of eastbound europium at that time. In these countries no other politic al party was allowed to function. The people could not freely choose the leaders of the communist party or the government. Those who spoke against the leaders or the party or the government were put in prison. The government in Poland was supported and controlled by the government of the Soviet wedding (USSR), a vast and powerful communist state. On 14 August 1980, the workers of Lenin Shipyard in the city of Gdansk went on a strike.The shipyard was owned by the government. In detail all the factories and big property in Poland were owned by the government. The strike began with a demand to take back a crane operator, a woman worker, who was unjustly dismissed 5 EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY IN THE NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY WORLD from service. This strike was illegal, because trade unions independent of the judgment party were not allowed in Poland. As the strike move, a former electrician of the shipyard, Lech Walesa (pronounced Lek Walesha), joined the strikers. He was dismissed from s ervice in 1976 for demanding higher pay.Walesa soon emerged as the leader of the prominent workers. The strike began to spread across the whole city. Now the workers started raising larger demands. They wanted the right to form independent trade unions. They also demanded the release of political prisoners and an end to censorship on press. The movement became so popular that the government had to give in. The workers led by Walesa signed a 21-point agreement with the government that end their strike. The government agreed to recognise the workers right to form independent trade unions and their right to strike. after the Gdansk agreement was signed, a new trade union adverted Solidarity (Solidarnosc in Polish) was formed. It was the first time an independent trade union was formed in any of the communist states. Within a year, Solidarity swept across Poland and had about one crore members. Revelations of far-flung corruption and mismanagement in the government made matters worse for the rulers. The government, led by General Jaruzelski, grew anxious and imposed martial law in declination 1981. Thousands of Solidarity members were put in prison. baredom to organise, protest and express opinions was once again taken away. Another wave of strikes, again organised by Solidarity, began in 1988. This time the Polish 6 government was weaker, the support from Soviet alliance uncertain and the economy was in decline. Another round of negotiations with Walesa resulted in an agreement in April 1989 for free elections. Solidarity contend all the 100 seats of the Senate and won 99 of them. In October 1990, Poland had its first presidential elections in which more than one party could contest. Walesa was elected President of Poland. A C T I V I T YLocate Poland on the map. Write down the names of the countries that surround it. Which other East European countries were ruled by communist parties in the 1980s? Shade them on the map. Make a list of political activities t hat you could not have done in Poland in 1980s moreover you tin do in our country. Fe atur tures Democr cy emocra Tw o Fe atures of Democra cy We have read dickens different kinds of real life stories. The story from Chile was of a popular government led by Allende being replaced by a non elected military government of Pinochet, followed by restoration of democracy.In Poland we tracked the novelty from a non- egalitarian government to a popular government. Let us compare the two nonpopular governments in these stories. thither were many differences between Pinochets rule in Chile and the communist rule in Poland. Chile was ruled by a military dictator, while Poland was ruled by a political party. The government of Poland claimed that it was ruling on behalf of the working classes. Pinochet made no such claim and openly favoured big capitalists. Yet both had approximatelywhat common features EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICSWhy was an independent trade union so chief(pren ominal) in Poland? Why are trade unions necessary? The people could not choose or change their rulers. there was no real freedom to express ones opinions, form political associations and organise protests and political action. The three democratic governments identified above Allendes Chile, Walesas Poland and Michelles Chile are different in their approach towards social and economic matters. Allende preferred government control on all big industries and the economy. Walesa wanted the market to be free of government interference.Michelle stands somewhere in the middle on this issue. Yet these three governments shared some basic features. causality was practice sessiond by governments elected by the people and not by the army, unelected leaders or any external power. The people enjoyed some basic political freedoms. From these two stories let us draw a rough way to identify a democracy. commonwealth is a form of government that allows people to choose their rulers. In a democ racy only leaders elected by people should rule the country, and people have the freedom to express views, freedom to organise and freedom to protest.We shall come back to this question in Chapter Two and develop a definition of democracy. We shall also note some features of a democracy. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Anita made a list of the features of all the five dollar bill governments that we have discussed so far. But somehow the list got mixed up. Now she has a list of many features but she does not remember which feature applies to which government. Can you help her by writing the correct feature under the name of the government in the table below? Remember, some of these features whitethorn apply to more than one government and would need to be written separately under all(prenominal) of these.Features Military dictatorship far-flung t he The president sm of Critici ent not corruption was once a m er govern political prison d disposal allowe Ruler elected owned all Ruler not by t he people industries More than o ne elected by the parties e xist people Missing people People enjoyed Foreign basic political inter venti s freedom on domestic a in ffairs Chile Allende Chile Pinochet Chile Bachelet Poland Jaruzelski Poland Walesa EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY IN THE NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY WORLD 7 1. 2 THE CHANGING MAPTwentieth century was full of the kind of stories we have read above stories of transition to democracy, of challenges to democracy, of military coups, of struggles of the people to bring back democracy. Was there a pattern to these stories that record both the march towards democracy and the setbacks to democracy? Let us use the basic features we noted earlier and identify democracies among different countries of the world. This is what the three maps shown here do. Take a look at these three maps below and find out if there was a pattern in the way democracies have evolved in the twentieth century.The first map depicts the countries OF EMOCRAC ACY DEMOCRA CY that were democratic in 1950, a a couple of(prenominal) years after the end of the Second World War. This map also shows countries from this set that had already become democratic by 1900. The second map presents a picture of democratic regimes in 1975, after close to of the colonies had gained independence. Finally, we take another leap and look at democracies in the year 2000, at the beginning of the 21st century. As we look at these maps, let us ask ourselves some questions. How has democracy marched through the twentieth century? Is there a clear pattern of expansion?When did the expansion take place? In which regions? MAP 1. 1 DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS IN 1900-1950 DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT IN 1900 AND 1950 DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT IN 1950 BUT NOT IN 1900 8 EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS MAP 1. 2 DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS IN 1975 DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT IN 1975 MAP 1. 3 DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS IN 2000 DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT IN 2000 Source Historical data for these maps is taken fr om Polity IV Project dataset of Universtiy of Maryland. This dataset defines democracy as public of choices about policies and leaders, checks on executive power and guarantee of civil liberties.Here we have used positive Polity scores as indicating the existence of democracy. In some drives the scores of dataset have been modified. For details see http//www. cidcm. umd. edu EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY IN THE NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY WORLD 9 On the basis of these maps identify up to three countries (in some cases you wont find three countries) that were democratic in these continents for the given years and make a table as given below. Year 1950 1975 2000 Africa Asia Europe Latin America CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Identify some countries from map 1. 1 that became democratic between 1900 and 1950. Identify some countries from map 1. and 1. 2 that were democratic in 1950 and 1975. Identify some European countries from map 1. 2 and 1. 3 that were democratic in 1975 and 2000. Identify some countri es in Latin America that became democratic after 1975. Make a list of big countries that were not democratic in 2000. Let us summarise the main points that emerge from a teaching of these maps. You need to go back to the maps to answer the question that comes after each point. Democracy has expanded throughout the twentieth century. Is it correct to say that at each point in these maps, the number of democratic countries is larger than at the previous point in time?Democracy did not spread evenly in all parts of the world. It was established first in some regions and then spread to other regions. Which continents in the world had a large number of democracies in 1900 and 1950? And which continents did not have almost any? While a majority of countries are democratic today, there are still large parts of the world that are not democratic. Which regions in the world account for most of the countries that were not democracies in 2000? Looking at these maps, which period do you find mo st important in the expansion of democracy? Why? HASES XPANSI ANSIO 1. PHASES IN THE EXPANSION EMOCRAC ACY OF DEMOCRACY Beginning T he Beginning These maps do not tell us much about what happened before the twentieth century. The story of modern democracy began at least two centuries ago. You may have read the chapter on the french Revolution of 1789 in the history book of this course. This popular uprising did not establish a secure and stable democracy in France. Throughout the nineteenth century, democracy in France was overthrown and restored several times. Yet the cut Revolution stir many struggles for democracy all over Europe.In Britain, the progress towards democracy started much before the French Revolution. But the progress was very slow. Through the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, series of political events reduced the power of monarchy and feudal lords. The right to vote was minded(p) to more and more people. Around the same time as the French Revolution, th e British colonies in North America declared themselves independent in 1776. In the next few years these colonies came together to form the United States of America. They adopted a democratic EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS 10Why were women given voting rights much later than men in most countries? Why did this not happen in India? constitution in 1787. But here too the right to vote was control to very few men. In the nineteenth century struggles for democracy often centred round political contactity, freedom and justice. One major demand was the right for every adult citizen to vote. Many European countries that were befitting more democratic did not initially allow all people to vote. In some countries only people owning property had the right to vote. Often women did not have the right to vote.In the United States of America, the blacks all over the country could not exercise the right to vote until 1965. Those struggle for democracy wanted this right granted universal ly to all adults men or women, rich or poor, white or black. This is called universal adult franchise or universal suffrage. The box here tells us when universal suffrage was granted in many countries of the world. As you nates see, by 1900 red-hot Zealand was the only country where every adult had voting right. But if you go back to the map, you can see many other countries are marked as democracies by the beginning of the twentieth century.These countries had by then governments elected by a significant number of people, mostly men, and had granted political freedom in some measure. Early democracies were established in Europe, North America and Latin America. Colonialism E nd of Colonialism When was universal adult franchise granted? 1893 1917 1918 1919 1928 1931 1934 1944 1945 1950 1951 1952 1955 1962 1965 1978 1994 New Zealand Russia Germany Netherlands Britain Sri Lanka turkey France Japan India Argentina Greece Malaysia Australia US Spain South Africa Note This is only a n illustrative list from different parts of the world.The year indicates when the principle of one person one vote was fully realised in that country. The list does not include those cases where the right to vote was withdrawn later. For a very long time most countries in Asia and Africa were colonies under the control of European nations. People of the colonised countries had to wage struggles to achieve independence. They not only wanted to get rid of their colonial masters, but also wished to choose their future leaders. Our country was one of the few colonies where people carried a nationalist struggle to liberate the country from the colonial rule.Many of these countries became democracies immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945. India achieved Independence in 1947 and embarked on its journey to transform itself from a subject country to a democracy. It continues to be a democracy. Most former colonies did not have such a good experience. The case of gold coas t, a country in western Africa, illustrates the more common experience of former colonies. Ghana used to be a British colony named Gold Coast. It became independent in 1957. It was among the first countries in Africa to gain independence. It inspired other African countries to struggle for freedom.Kwame Nkrumah (pronounced Enkruma), son of a 11 EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY IN THE NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY WORLD goldsmith and himself a teacher, was active in the independence struggle of his country. After independence, Nkrumah became the first prime minister and then the president of Ghana. He was a friend of Jawaharlal Nehru and an inspiration for democrats in Africa. But unlike Nehru, he got himself elected president for life. Soon after, in 1966, he was overthrown by the military. Like Ghana, most countries that became democracies after gaining independence had a mixed record. They could not remain democracies for long.A C T I V I T Y Locate Ghana in an atlas and then spot it in the three maps in the previous section. Was Ghana a democracy in 2000? Do you think it is good to elect someone President for life? Or is it better to hold regular elections after every few years? nt R e c e nt phase The next big push towards democracy came after 1980, as democracy was revived in several countries of Latin America. The disintegration of the Soviet Union accelerated this process. From the story of Poland we know that the then Soviet Union controlled many of its neighbouring communist countries in Eastern Europe.Poland and several other countries became free from the control of the Soviet Union during 1989-90. They chose to become democracies. Finally the Soviet Union itself bust down in 1991. The Soviet Union comprised 15 Republics. All the constituent Republics emerged as independent countries. Most of them became democracies. Thus the end of Soviet control on East Europe and the break up of the Soviet Union led to a big 12 change in the political map of the world. In this period major changes also took place in Indias neighbourhood. Pakistan and Bangladesh made a transition from army rule to democracy in 1990s.In Nepal, the king gave up many of his powers to become a constitutional monarch to be guided by elected leaders. However, these changes were not indissoluble. In 1999 General Musharraf brought back army rule in Pakistan. In 2005 the new king of Nepal dismissed the elected government and took back political freedoms that people had won in the previous decade. Yet the boilersuit trend in this period points to more and more countries turning to democracy. This phase still continues. By 2005, about 140 countries were holding multi-party elections. This number was higher than ever before.More than 80 previously non-democratic countries have made significant advances towards democracy since 1980. But, even today, there are many countries where people cannot express their opinion freely. They Kwame Nkrumah Memorial common land in Accra, the capita l of Ghana. This park was commissioned in 1992, twenty years after Nkrumah passed away. What might have caused this delay? EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS Dev Ley, Wikipedia, GNU Free Documentation License read the survey Stephane Peray, Thailand, Cagle Cartoons Inc. This sketch appeared in 2005 when Aung San Suu Kyis turned 60. What is the studyist saying here?Will the army rulers feel happy with this toon? What should be the policy of the government of India towards the military rulers of Myanmar? still cannot elect their leaders. They cannot take big decisions about their present and future life. One such country is Myanmar, previously known as Burma. It gained freedom from colonial rule in 1948 and became a democracy. But the democratic rule ended in 1962 with a military coup. In 1990 elections were held for the first time after almost 30 years. The National League for Democracy, led by Aung San Suu Kyi (pronounced Soo-chi), won the election.But the military leaders of Myanmar refused to step down and did not recognise the election results. Instead, the military put the elected pro-democracy leaders, including Suu Kyi, under house arrest. Political activists accused of even the most trivial offences have been jailed. Anyone caught publicly airing views or issuing statements critical of the regime can be sentenced up to twenty years in prison. Due to the coercive policies of the military-ruled EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY government in Myanmar, about 6 to 10 lakh people in that country have been uprooted from their homes and have taken shelter elsewhere.Despite being under house arrest, Suu Kyi continued to campaign for democracy. According to her The quest for democracy in Burma is the struggle of the people to live whole, meaningful lives as free and equal members of the world community. Her struggle has won international recognition. She has also been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Yet the people in Myanmar are still struggling to establish a democ ratic government in their country. A C T I V I T Y Locate Myanmar on an atlas. Which Indian states border this country? Write a short essay on the life of Aung San Suu Kyi.Collect newspaper reports on the struggle for democracy in Myanmar. 13 IN THE NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY WORLD EMOCRAC ACY 1. 4 DEMOCRACY AT THE GLOBAL LE VEL? After reading about the various phases of expansion of democracy, a teacher, Mr. Singh, asked the students to summarise what they had learnt. This is how the conversation took place Farida We have learnt that democracy has been expanding to more and more regions and countries all over the world. Rajesh Yes, we live in a better world than before. It seems we are moving towards a world democracy. Sushmita World democracy How can you say that?I saw a television programme that showed how the Americans invaded Iraq without any justification. The people of Iraq were not consulted at any stage. How can you call that a world democracy? Farida I am not talking about th e relationship between different countries. I am only saying that more and more countries are becoming democratic. Rajesh But what is the difference between the two? If more and more countries become democratic, isnt it obvious that the world also becomes more democratic? After all the Iraq war was all about taking democracy to that country. Sushmita No, it is not obvious to me.Singh sir I think we are talking about two very different things here. Farida spoke about establishment of democratic governments within different countries in the world today. Sushmita and Rajesh have differences over something else. Their difference is over the relationship among different countries. It is quite possible, Rajesh, that the rulers of a country who are democratically elected by their people may want to dominate over other countries. Sushmita Yes sir. That is exactly what happened in the case of the war on Iraq. Surinder I am confused. How can we talk about democracy at the global level? Is the re any world government?Who is the president of the world? If there is no government, how can it be democratic or non-democratic? nt rn ational Organisations I nt e rn ational Organisations Let us respond to the question that came up in this conversation Does an increase in the number of democratic countries all over the world automatically lead to democratic relations among countries? Before we do that, let us think about the point raised by Surinder. There is a government of India, a government of the United States of America, and so on. But there is no government of the world. No government can pass any law that will apply to all the people of the world.If there is no such government, if there are no rulers and ruled, how can we apply the two features of democracy here? These two features, you would recall, were that the rulers should be elected by the people and that people should have basic political freedoms. Should there be a world government? If yes, who should elect it? And , what powers should it have? Angel Boligan, EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS Universal,Mexico, Cagle Cartoons Inc. This cartoon was published in Mexico in 2005 and was titled transnational Games. Which games is the cartoonist talking about here? What does the ball symbolize?Who are the players? 14 Should the permanent members of the UN be given the power to veto? While Surinder is right in a dim-witted sense, we cannot say that the question of democracy does not arise here. There is no single World Government, but there are many institutions in the world that perform partially the functions of such a government. These organisations cannot command countries and citizens in a way a government can, but they do make rules that put limits on what governments can do. Consider these points Who makes laws and rules to govern the seas that do not wasteweir within the boundaries of any one country?Or who takes steps to control environmental degradation that baneens all the countrie s together. The United Nations (UN) has evolved many Conventions on these questions that are now binding on most countries of the world. The UN is a global association of nations of the world to help cooperation in international law, security, economic development and social equity. The UN Secretary General is its chief administrative officer. What happens when a country attacks another country in an unjust manner? The UN Security Council, an organ of the UN, is responsible for maintaining peace nd security among countries. It can put together an international army and take action against the wrongdoer. Who lends money to governments when they need it? The International Monetary Fund (IMF) does so. The World rely also gives loans to the governments. Before lending they ask the concerned government to show all its accounts and direct it to make changes in its economic policy. EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY decisions A r e these decisions democra democra tic? So, there are many institutions at the world level that perform some of the functions that a world government would perform.But we need to know just how democratic these organisations are. The yardstick here is whether each of the countries has free and equal say in the decisions that guess them. In this light let us examine the organisation of some of these world bodies. Everyone of the 192 member countries of the UN has one vote in the UN General Assembly. It meets in regular y archaeozoic sessions under a president elected from among the representatives of the member countries. General Assembly is like the parliament where all the discussion takes place. In that sense the UN would appear to be a very democratic organisation.But the General Assembly cannot take any decision about what action should be taken in a conflict between different countries. The fifteen-member Security Council of the UN takes such crucial decisions. The Council has five permanent members US, Russia, UK, France and mainland China. Ten other members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year foothold. The real power is with five permanent members. The permanent members, especially the US, contribute most of the money needed for the maintenance of the UN. Each permanent member has veto power. It means that the Council cannot take a decision if any permanent member says no to that decision.This system has led more and more people and countries to protect and demand that the UN becomes more democratic. 15 IN THE NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY WORLD International Monetary Fund (IMF) is one of the biggest moneylenders for any country in the world. Its 173 member states do not have equal voting rights. The vote of each country is weighed by how much money it has contributed to the IMF. Nearly half of the voting power in the IMF is in the hands of only seven countries (US, Japan, France, UK, Saudi Arabia, China and Russia). The remain 166 countries have very little say in how these international organisations take decis ions.The World banking concern has a similar system of voting. The President of the World Bank has always been a citizen of the US, conventionally nominated by the Treasury Secretary (Finance Minister) of the US government. A C T I V I T Y Find out more about the history and various organs of the United Nations. Collect any news about the decisions of the World Bank and the IMF. Compare these to the kind of democratic practices that we have been discussing in this chapter. What would you say about a country where some persons have a permanent position in the ministry and have the power to stop the decision of the entire parliament?Or a parliament where five per cent of the members hold a majority of votes? Would you call these democratic? Most of the global institutions fail to pass the simple test of democracy that we use for national governments. If global institutions are not democratic, are they at least becoming more democratic than before? Here too the evidence is not very en couraging. In fact, while 16 nations are becoming more democratic than they were earlier, international organisations are becoming less democratic. Twenty years ago there were two big powers in the world the US and the Soviet Union.The competition and conflict between these two big powers and their allies kept a certain balance in all the global organisations. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the US appears to be the only superpower in the world. This American dominance affects the working of international organisations. This is not to say that there is no urge or move towards global democracy. The urge comes from people who get more opportunities to come in touch with one another. Over the last few years the people of different countries have come together without their governments support.They have formed global organisations against war and against domination of the world by a few countries and business companies. As in the case of democracy within the nations, the initiat ive for democracy among nations has come from the struggles of the people. Wolfowitz was a senior official in the Department of Defence in the US (commonly called Pentagon). He was an aggressive supporter of the invasion of Iraq. The cartoon comments on his appointment as the President of the World Bank. What does the cartoon tell us about the relationship between the World Bank and the US? ead the cartoon Patrick Chappatte, International Herald Tribune, Cagle Cartoons Inc. EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Here are some suggestions to strengthen world democracy. Do you support these changes? Are these changes likely to happen? retain your reasons for each of these. More nations should become permanent members of the Security Council. UN General Assembly should become like a world parliament with representatives from each country in proportion to the population of the country. These representatives should elect a world government.Individual countries should not have armies. The UN should maintain task forces to bring about peace in case of conflict between nations. A UN President should be elected now by all the people of the world. D emocra cy promotion emocra cy The cartoon Cactus of Democracy was published in 2004. What does the cactus look like here? Who is gifting it, and to whom? What is the message? read the cartoon Stephane Peray, Thailand, Cagle Cartoons Inc. Take a close look at the two cartoons on this and on the next page. These cartoons raise a fundamental question related to global democracy.Recently, many powerful countries in the world, particularly the United States of America, have taken on the task of democracy promotion in the rest of the world. They say that propagating the determine of democracy is not enough. Existing democracies should directly intervene in countries that are non-democratic to establish democracy there. In some cases powerful countries have launched armed attack on nondemocratic countries. Thi s is what Sushmita was talking about. Let us see what happened in Iraq. Iraq is a country in Western Asia. It became independent from British ule in 1932. Three decades later there were a series of coups by military officers. Since 1968, it was ruled by Arab Socialist Bath Party (the Arabic script Bath means renaissance). Saddam Hussein, a leading Bath party leader, played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to power. This government abolished traditional Islamic law and gave women the right to vote and several freedoms not granted in other west Asian countries. After becoming the president of Iraq in 1979, Saddam ran a dictatorial government and suppressed any dissent or opposition to his rule.He was known to have got a number of political opponents killed and persons of ethnic minorities massacred. The US and its allies like Britain, alleged that Iraq possessed secret nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction which posed a big threat to the world. But w hen a UN team went to Iraq to search for such weapons, it did not find any. Still the US and its allies invaded Iraq, occupied it and removed Saddam Hussein from power in 2003. The US installed an interim government of its preference. The war against Iraq was not authorised by the UN Security Council.Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary General, said that the US war on Iraq was illegal. EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY IN THE NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY WORLD 17 A C T I V I T Y Collect information on the debate related to Iraq within the US and the UK. What were the reasons originally offered for the Iraq invasion by the President of US and the Prime Minister of UK? What were the reasons offered after the war? read the cartoon Helping Democracy was a comment on the presence of US forces during the elections in Iraq. Do you think the cartoon can apply to many other situations? Identify some examples from this chapter which this cartoon can help understand. 8 EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS Ares, Cag lecartoons. com, Cagle Cartoons Inc. The example of Iraq raises some basic questions that we need to think about Is this the right way to promote democracy? Should a democratic country wage a war and invade other countries for establishing democracy there? Does external help work in every case? Or does it work only when the people of a nation are actively engaged in a struggle to make their societies democratic? Even if external intervention leads to the establishment of democracy in a country, would it last long? Would it enjoy the support of its citizens?Finally, is the use of external force to gift democracy to the people in keeping with the spirit of democracy? Think about these questions in the light of all that you have learnt in this chapter. GLOSSARY Censorship A condition under which the freedom of expression is taken away. Citizens have to take prior permission from the censor authorities of the government for making a speech or publishing news and views. Anything that the government finds objectionable cannot be published. Coalition An alliance of people, associations, parties or nations. This alliance may be temporary or a matter of convenience.Colony Territory under the immediate political control of another state. Communist state A state governed by a communist party without allowing other parties to compete for power. The state controls all the big property and industry. Coup A coup detat (pronounced ku deta), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government illegally. It may or may not be violent in nature. The term is French for a sudden blow or strike to a state. Martial law A system of rules that takes effect when a military confidence takes control of the familiar administration of justice.Political prisoners Persons held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house arrest, because a government considers their desires, image or activities as a threat to the authority of the state. Often exaggerated or false cases are foi sted on them and they are kept in detention without following normal law. Referendum A direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may be adoption of a new constitution, a law or a specific governmental policy. Strike Mass refusal by workers or employees to perform work due to certain grievances or because of demands not met.In most democratic countries the right to strike is legal. Trade Union An association of workers for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. Veto The right of a person, party or nation to stop a certain decision or law. The forge comes from Latin, which means I forbid. A veto gives measureless power to stop a decision, but not to adopt one. exercises 1 Which of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy? a Struggle by the people b Invasion by foreign countries c End of colonialism d Peoples desire for freedom Which of the following statement is uncoil ed about todays world? Monarchy as a form of government has vanished . b The relationship between different countries has become more democratic than ever before. c In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people. d There are no more military dictators in the world. NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY WORLD 2 EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY IN THE 19 3 Use one of the following statements to complete the sentence Democracy in the international organisations requires that a The rich countries should have a greater say. b Countries should have a say according to their military power. c Countries should be toughened with respect in proportion to their population. All countries in the world should be treated equally. Based on the information given in this chapter, match the following countries and the path democracy has taken in that country. COUNTRY PATH TO DEMOCRACY 4 a b c d 5 Chile Nepal Poland Ghana i ii iii iv Freedom from British colonial rule End of military dictatorship End of on e party rule King agreed to give up his powers What are the difficulties people face in a non-democratic country? Give answers drawing from the examples given in this chapter. Which freedoms are ususally taken away when a democracy is overthrown by the military? 6 7Which of the following positions can contribute to democracy at the global level? Give reasons for your answer in each case. a My country gives more money to international institutions. Therefore, I want to be treated with more respect and exercise more power. b My country may be small or poor. But my voice must be heard with equal respect, because these decisions will affect my country. c Wealthy nations will have a greater say in international affairs. They cannot let their interests suffer just because they are outnumbered by poor nations. d Big countries like India must have a greater say in international organisations.Here are three opinions heard in a television debate on the struggle for democracy in Nepal. Which o f these do you agree with and why? Guest 1 India is a democracy. Therefore, the Indian government must support the people of Nepal who are struggling against monarchy and for democracy. Guest 2 That is a dangerous argument. We would be in the same position as the US was in Iraq. Remember, no outside force can promote democracy. Guest 3 But why should we bother about the internal affairs of another country? We should be worried about our business interests there, not about democracy. 8 20 EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS xercises exercises 9 In an imaginary country called Happyland, the people overthrew the foreign ruler and brought back the old royal family. They said After all their ancestors were our kings before foreigners started ruling us. It is good that we have one strong ruler, who can help us become rich and powerful. When someone talked about democracy the wise men said it is a foreign idea. Their struggle was to throw the foreigners and their ideas out of the country . When someone demanded freedom for the media, the elders thought that too much criticism of the ruler would not help them improve their living standards. After all, the king is so kind and interested in the welfare of all the subjects. Why create problems for him. Dont we all want to be happy? After reading the above passage, Chaman, Champa and Chandru made the following observations Chaman Happyland is a democratic country because people were able to throw out the foreign rulers and bring back the king. Champa Happyland is not a democratic country because people cannot criticise the ruler. The king may be nice and may provide economic prosperity, but a king cannot give a democratic rule. Chandru What people need is happiness.So they are willing to allow their new ruler to take decisions for them. If people are happy it must be a democracy. What is your opinion about each of these statements? What do you think about the form of government in this country? Form different groups in your class and collect different types of information (news clippings, articles, photographs, cartoons, etc. ) about struggles for democracy in any country that is currently not democratic. Focus on the following questions What makes the government non-democratic? What are the main complaints and demands of the people in that country?How do the existing rulers react to peoples demands? Who are the main leaders of the struggle for democracy? You could present the information thus collected in various forms an exhibition, a collage, a report or a wallpaper. EMOCRAC ACY D EMOCRACY IN THE NTEMPORARY CONTEMPORARY WORLD 21 CHAPTER 2 What is Democracy? Why Democracy? OVERVIEW VERVIE VIEW The stories and the analysis in the previous chapter gave us a sense of what democracy is like. There we exposit some governments as democratic and some as non-democratic. We saw how governments in some of those countries changed from one form to the other.Let us now draw general lessons from those storie s and ask the more basic question What is democracy? What are its features? This chapter builds on a simple definition of democracy. Step by step, we work out the meaning of the terms involved in this definition. The aim here is to understand clearly the bare minimum features of a democratic form of government. After going through this chapter we should be able to distinguish a democratic form of government from a non-democratic government. Towards the end of this chapter, we step beyond this minimal objective and introduce a broader idea of democracy.In the previous chapter, we have seen that democracy is the most prevalent form of government in the world today and it is expanding to more countries. But why is it so? What makes it better than other forms of government? That is the second big question that we take up in this chapter. 22 EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS put on 2. 1 W HAT IS EMOCRAC ACY DEMOCRACY? distinguishes these governments from Pinochets rule in Chile, com munist rule in Poland or the later period of Nkrumahs rule in Ghana? What do these governments have in common with the military rule in Myanmar? Why do we say that these governments are not democratic?On the basis of this analysis, write down some common features of Democratic governments Non-democratic governments In Chapter One we read many stories from different parts of the world. Through these stories we discussed various governments and organisations. We called some of these democracies. Others were described as non-democracies. Can you recall, for each of these countries, something about the governments that were described as democracies? Chile, before and after Pinochets rule Poland, after the fall of communist rule Ghana, in the early period of Nkrumahs government What do you think is common to them?Why do we club them all under the label of democracy? What is it that define democra cy W h y define democra cy ? Before we proceed further, let us first take note of an objecti on by Merry. She does not like this way of defining democracy and wants to ask some basic questions. News items like this appear very often in newspapers. Do they all use the word democracy in the same sense? HAT W HAT IS EMOCRAC ACY EMOCRAC ACY DEMOCRACY? WHY DEMOCRACY? 23 Her teacher Matilda Lyngdoh responds to her questions, as other classmates join the discussion Merry Maam, I dont like this idea.First we spend one whole chapter discussing democracies in different parts of the world and then we want to find out the meaning of democracy. I mean logically shouldnt we have approached it the other way round? Shouldnt the meaning have come first and then the example? Lyngdoh Madam I can see your point. But that is not how we reason in everyday life. We use oral communication like pen, rain or love. Do we wait to have a definition of these words before we use them? Come to think of it, do we have clear definition of these words? It is only by using a word that we understand its meani ng.Merry But then why do we need definitions at all? Lyngdoh Madam We need a definition only when we come across a difficulty in the use of a word. We need a definition of rain only when we wish to distinguish it from, say, drizzle or cloudburst. The same is true for democracy. We need a clear definition only because people use it for different purposes, because very different kinds of governments call themselves democracy. Ribiang But why do we need to work on a definition? The other day you quoted Abraham Lincoln to us Democracy is a rule of the people, for the people and by the people.We in Meghalaya always ruled ourselves. That is accepted by everyone. Why do we need to change that? Lyngdoh Madam I am not saying we need to change it. I too find this definition very beautiful. But we dont know if this is the best way of defining unless we think about it ourselves. We must not accept something just because it is famous, just because everyone accepts it. Yolanda Maam, can I suggest something? We dont need to look for any definition. I read somewhere that the word democracy comes from a Greek word Demokratia. In Greek demos means people and kratia means rule. So democracy is rule by the people.This is the correct meaning. Where is the need to debate? Lyngdoh Madam That is also a very helpful way of thinking about this matter. I would just say that this does not always work. A word does 24 not remain tied to its origin. Just think of computers. Originally they were used for computing, that is to say calculating, very difficult mathematical sums. These were very powerful calculators. But nowadays very few people use computers for computing sums. They use it for writing, for designing, for listening to music and for watching films. Words remain the same but their meaning can change with time.In that case it is not very useful to look at the origins of a word. Merry Maam, so basically what you are saying is that there is no crosscut to our thinking about the matt er ourselves. We have to think about its meaning and evolve a definition. Lyngdoh Madam You got me right. Let us get on with it now. A C T I V I T Y Let us take Lyngdoh Madam seriously and try to write down the exact definition of some of the simple words that we use all the time pen, rain and love. For example, is there a way of defining a pen that distinguishes it clearly from a pencil, a brush, a highlighter or a marker?What have you learnt from this attempt? What does it teach us about understanding the meaning of democracy? I have heard a different version. Democracy is off the people, far (from) the people and (where they) buy the people. Why dont we accept that? definition A simple definition Let us get back to our discussion on similarities and differences among governments that are called democracies. In the last chapter we identified one simple factor common to all democracies the government is chosen by the people. We could thus start with a simple definition democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.This is a useful starting point. This definition allows us to separate democracy from forms of government that are clearly not democratic. The army rulers of Myanmar are not elected by the people. Those who happen to be in control of the army EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS become the rulers of the country. People have no say in this decision. Dictators like Pinochet are not elected by the people. This also applies to monarchies. The king of Nepal and Saudi Arabia rule not because the people have chosen them to do so but because they happen to be born into the royal family. This simple definition is not adequate.It reminds us that democracy is peoples rule. But if we use this definition in an unthinking manner, we would end up calling almost every government that holds an election a democracy. That would be very misleading. As we noted in Chapter Four, every government in contemporary world wants to be called a democracy, even if it is not so. That is why we need to conservatively distinguish between a government that is a democracy and one that pretends to be one. We can do so by understanding each word in this definition carefully and spelling out the features of a democratic government. CHECK YOUR PROGRESSRibiang went back home and collected some more famous quotations on democracy. This time she did not mention the names of the people who said or wrote these. She wants you to read these and comment on how good or useful these thoughts are Democracy gives every man the right to be his own oppressor. Democracy consists of choosing your dictators after theyve told you what you think it is you want to hear. Mans capacity for justice makes democracy possible, but mans inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary Democracy is a device that insures we shall be governed no better than we deserve.All the ills of democracy can be cured by more democracy. read the cartoon This cartoon wa s drawn when elections were held in Iraq with the presence of US and other foreign powers. What do you think this cartoon is saying? Why is democracy written the way it is? Stephane Peray, Thailand, Cagle Cartoons Inc. HAT W HAT IS EMOCRAC ACY EMOCRAC ACY DEMOCRACY? WHY DEMOCRACY? 25 EATURES 2. 2 FEATURES EMOCRAC ACY OF DEMOCRACY want in a democracy? Or must a democratic government function with some limits? Is it necessary for a democracy to respect some rights of the citizens? Let us consider each of these questions with the help of some examples.We have started with a simple definition that democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. This raises many questions Who are the rulers in this definition? Which officials must be elected for any government to be called a democracy? Which decisions may be taken by nonelected officials in a democracy? What kind of election constitutes a democratic election? What conditions must be effect for an electio n to be considered democratic? Who are the people who can elect the rulers or get elected as rulers? Should this include every citizen on an equal basis?Can a democracy deny some citizens this right? Finally, what kind of a form of government is democracy? Can elected rulers do whatever they M ajor decisions by elec t e d decisions by elec leaders In Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf led a miliary coup in October 1999. He overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself the Chief Executive of the country. Later he changed his designation to President and in 2002 held a referendum in the country that granted him a fiveyear extension. Pakistani media, human right organisations and democracy activists said that the referendum was based on ead the cartoon Syria is a small west Asian country. The ruling Baath Party and some of its small allies are the only parties allowed in that country. Do you think this cartoon could apply to China or Mexico? What does the crown of leaves on democracy signify? 26 EMOCRATIC LITICS D EMOCRATIC POLITICS Emad Hajjaj, Jordan, Cagle Cartoons Inc. read the cartoon Ares, Caglecartoon. com, Cagle Cartoons Inc. This cartoon was drawn in the context of Latin America. Do you think it applies to the Pakistani situation as well? Think of other countries where this could apply?Does this happen sometimes in our country as well? rulers. They cannot take the final decisions. The power to take final decision rests with army officials and with General Musharraf, and none of them are elected by the people. This happens in many dictatorships and monarchies. They formally have an elected parliament and government but the real power is with those who are not elected. In the last chapter we read about the role of USSR in communist Poland and that of US in contemporary Iraq. Here the real power was with some external powers and not with locally elected representatives.This cannot be called peoples rule. This gives us the first feature. In a democracy the final decision making power must rest with those elected by the people. malpractices and fraud. In August 2002 he issued a licit Framework Order that amended the constitution of Pakistan. According to this Order, the President can dismiss the national or provincial assemblies. The work of the civilian cabinet is supervise by a National Security Council which is dominated by military officers. After passing this law, elections were held to the national and state assemblies.So Pakistan has had elections, elected representatives have some powers. But the final power rests with military officers and General Musharraf himself. Clearly, there are many reasons why Pakistan under General Musharraf should not be called a democracy. But let us focus on one of these. Can we say that the rulers are elected by the people in Pakistan? Not quite. People may have elected their representatives to the national and provincial assemblies but those elected representatives are not r eally the HAT W HAT EMOCRAC ACY EMOCRAC ACY DEMOCRACY? WHY DEMOCRACY? elec ra F ree and fair elec t o ra l c ompetitionIn China, elections are regularly held after every five years for electing the countrys parliament, called Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (National Peoples Congress). The National Peoples Congress has the power to appoint the President of the country. It has nearly 3,000 members elected from all over China. Some members are elected by the army. Before contesting elections, a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese Communist Party. Only those who are members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it were allowed to contest elections held in 2002-03. The government is always formed by the Communist Party.Since its independence in 1930, Mexico holds elections after every sextet years to elect its President. The country has never been under a military or dictators rule. But until 2000 every election was won by a 27 All this is so remote for me. Is democracy all about rulers and governments? Can we talk about a democratic classroom? Or a democratic family? IS party called PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party). Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win. The PRI was known to use many dirty tricks to win elections. All those who were employed in government offices had to attend its party meetings.Teachers of government schools used to force parents to vote for the PRI. Media largely ignored the activities of opposition political parties except to criticise them. sometimes the polling booths were shifted from one place to another in the last minute, which made it difficult for people to cast their votes. The PRI spent a large sum of money in the campaign for its candidates. Should we consider the elections described above as examples of people electing their rulers? Reading these examples we get a sense that we cannot. There are many problems here. In China the elections do not offer the people any serious choice.They have to choose the ruling party and the candidates approved by it. Can we call this

No to same-sex marriage Essay

Everything is permissible, nonwithstanding not everything is helpful. Everything is permissible, but not everything builds up. I Corinthians 1023Against Same switch on pairing The Six Point CaseEach of these six points against same sex trade union pass on be explained in distributor point in the following articles. Click on each link for more explanation.Natural marriage is the foundation of a civilized society.Homosexual behavior is inherently destructive.The law is a great teacher, and it encourages or discourages behavior.Government-backed same-sex marriage would encourage and normalize homosexual behavior, and it would harm congenital marriage, children, adults, and homosexuals themselves.The law should promote behaviors that are beneficial and forbid (or at least not endorse) those that are destructive.Therefore, the law should promote natural marriage, and it should provide no option for government-backed same-sex marriage or civil unions. Against Same Sex Marriage T he Executive SummarySame-sex marriage is a very emotional issue for many people. However, when one separates emotions from facts, it is clear that the state has compelling reasons to endorse natural marriage and not same-sex marriage or civil unions.Natural marriage is the immune system of civilization. When our marriages are strong, our civilization is strong when they are weak, individuals and communities suffer.Legal warrant of same-sex marriage would destroy the institution of marriage, resulting in negative effects on children, crime rates, health and health-care costs, tax rates, and religious freedom.Same-sex marriage activists want to redefine marriage as simply a personal relationship between two committed parties, but marriage is much larger than the two parties involved in a marriage.Marriage is a social institution of long-established rules (based on the natural design of the human body) that provides society with the very foundation of civilizationthe procreating famil y unit. That is, marriage is basically about children and the civilization of society both now and for the future. Only natural marriage can procreate and consistently provide a nurturing and stable purlieu for the growth and maturation of children. In this sense, the most basic and effective form of government is the natural two-parent family. Statistically, children and adults inside of natural marriage are much weaken off socially, physically, financially, mentally, and emotionally than those outside of natural marriage. Those outside of natural marriage are not only worse off personally by those measures, but they cost society billions of dollars in social welfare and law-enforcement expenses.The law is a great teacherit encourages or discourages behavior.Since the law is a great teacher, government-backed same-sex marriage or civil unions would put societys stamp of approval on same-sex relationships and behavior. This endorsement would fundamentally change the institution o f marriage to our detriment. It would do the following compare same-sex marriage with natural marriage, thereby teaching citizens the socially disastrous ideas that natural marriage is no better than any other relationship and that marriage is not a prerequisite for children. Disconnect marriage from childbearing by making marriage just about coupling. This go away result in soaring cohabitation and bend sinister and painful costs to children and society. Encourage more homosexual behavior, which is medically destructive to those who engage in it and financially burdensome to the public in general. Result in higher medical, health insurance, and tax costs to the general public. Provide legal grounds torestrict or prohibit religious freedom and free speech. oftentimes of this is already happening in countries that have government-backed same-sex marriage. Natural marriage is weakest and illegitimacy strongest where same-sex marriage is legal.Most homosexuals are not interested in ma rriage more or less 96 percent of homosexuals in countries with same-sex marriage do not get married. They want government-backed same-sex marriage because it would validate and normalize homosexuality throughout society. (Homosexuals can already marry privately and many of them dowhat they want is government endorsement.)Some homosexual activists admit that they would like to destroy natural marriage by legalizing same-sex marriage. Since they decline to live by societys standards, they lead only feel validated if they beat down those standards to the level of their own behavior. If they succeed, everyone in our country go forth be harmed in some way.This House Bill may seem to be very good in its outward appearance but it will simply gave way to the Promotion and Acceptance of Homosexual Lifestyle in the Philippines. If this bill will be approve in Congress who knows whats next. lets Fight Against this Bill to protect the Divine and Natural Institution that God himself Pre-orda ined ever since the beginning of time. Lets make sure that the Philippines will be secure from any danger of accepting a Culture that will go against the Balance of Nature and propagate a lifestyle that will be harmful both today and the Generation to come. A Culture that will be a potential Treat to the Divine Institution of Marriage and the Family. Lets be vigilant and make sure this Bill will not be approved by participating in this theme song Campaign.

Police Influence on Society Essay

Police Influence on SocietyCJA/344Historic tot solelyyy, this nation of the United States has proven many times over its potentiality over those who ar divergent to those in indicant. The United States has proven time and again that it can and will discriminate against separates it considers less than equal. This is proven and demonstrated to all U. S citizens and those who are not, in our history books eat up-to-end school. Every year affording students new information of how the United States demonstrates its power over those that are different. From the demise of many Native American tribes the internment of Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor the secretion and segregation of African Americans to the constant current discrimination to those quite a little of different origins, whose language and customs differ from that of the status quo. The United States although, has demonstrated preference to what is referred to as White privilege has consistently demonstrated unnu mbered efforts and successes against prejudice and discrimination that have led this country to focus continually on equality and arbitrator for all.The dominant convention is the group in power and so by definition is the group that establishes control. In order for a nation, such as the United States, to establish a dominance that will make headway all people to follow suit, the key lies in establishing a common ground. Control in itself is a trait that no one wants as a descriptor, but as a way to describe a united front it is more than acceptable. Having control over a population through laws and regulations that the people themselves agree to is control through the general consent. Laws and regulations meant to establish order and protection to its people also establish control within the government that governs over the people. Policing is a primary way for the government to serve and protect its people as well as its own interests.Policing serves many purposes but the pri mary purpose is to protect. But, who do the police protect? The wealthy have an frugal position that freesthem from the need to commit crimes such as theft, while the poor live in economic despair that tempts them to commit these crimes, or so it is believed. In reality, no one is exempt of crime anyone is capable of committing crimes and need is not always the deciding f shamor. Those well(predicate) of economic wealth also enjoy the privilege of a high social status, and those of high social status do not need nor do they commit crimes. A myth, of course, but still believed by many. On the other hand, the less fortunate suffer discrimination based on their poor economic status among other factors. Minorities experience unequal treatment and have less power over their lives than members of a dominant group (Robert McNamara, 2009).To understand how discrimination has changed throughout the years, it is important to understand the gradual but never ending influx of people from dif ferent countries into American soil. The concept of discrimination is fairly odd considering all people within the United States with the exception of Native Americans are all immigrants to this great nation and yet generation after generation people continually do to new cultures that which was once experienced by them and is possibly still experienced by their race or ethnic group. People that have lived within the United States eventually gain a sense of national individualism and identify with being part of the larger society (Robert McNamara, 2009). With so many different people coming in to the country they not only bring everything which is good about their culture but also that which is negative and affects the U.S as a whole.Discrimination is not based solely on a different culture race, etc. but sooner the negative aspects endured by the American macrocosm by a few anti-social individuals that bring disgrace upon a certain group. The events occurring on September 11th we re not the actions of all Arabs or Muslims, but rather of a few and because of them all that resemble those who attacked have become the target of discrimination. Because of the actions of certain individuals, the groups that they belong to or are associated with tend to be at the receiving end of discrimination to the point that law enforcement finds it necessary to profile in order to perform their duties (Bass, 2001).Policing in the United States reflects discriminatory actions much like many other countries. The race or ethnic background in American history, when it refers to discrimination is not relative because discrimination is not limited to certain groups. Discrimination is an act that affects those that are different from the dominant population. Law enforcement discriminates not because someone is from a different race or because a race or ethnic group commits a certain amount or types of crime. Discrimination in its purest form is simply White America unwilling to accep t difference and those with national identity forgetting their own history.ReferencesBass, S. (2001). Policing space, policing race Social control imperatives and police discretionary decisions. Social Justice, 28(1), 156-176. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/231906243?accountid=458 Chan, J. (2011). Racial Profiling and Police Subculture. Canadian Journal Of Criminology &Criminal Justice, 53(1), 75-78.MacNamara, R. H., & Burns, R. (2009). Multiculturalism in the turn justice system. NewYork, NY McGraw-Hill.The Criminology and Criminal Justice Collective of Northern Arizona University. (2009).Investigating difference Human and cultural relations in criminal justice (2nd ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.

Formal And Informal Assessment And Evaluation Education Essay

Appraisal and paygrade has become critical issues social occasionicularly in the field of learning and larning it requires alert consideration by all instruction practician in any educational establishment. This is besides the country where many instructors sink into the pool of confusion. But it has its cardinal map, which is to roll up culture on the movement of every single pupil and judge their mundane advancement. In separate pronounces, it serve critical function in the mathematical process of stiff instruction and encyclopedism.Therefore, this essay will explicate my apprehension of judgement and place from the positions of break inment, titular, informal, particular demands, and measuring sticks in brief. However, to make this, we foremost need to specify appraisal and rating.The word appraisal is derived from the Latin word assidere signifi give the gatece to sit beside . It is obvious that simple tone of this phrase is comforting, and it suggests common as surance and apprehension. So, it indirectly tells that being of positive connecter amidst appraisal and the procedure of instruction and acquisition in schools is necessary.By and big, appraisal is a procedure of roll uping information relation to some lap purposes and aims involved with pupils advancement and accomplishment in the procedure of instruction and acquisition. More specifically, schoolroom appraisal refers to the procedure of assemblage, entering, construing, utilizing and pass oning information about their advancement and accomplishment during the development of cognition, constructs, accomplishments and attitudes.Harmonizing to Lloyd-Jones and Bray ( 1986 ) appraisal is referred to the procedure in which certain quality of a pupil s instruction is measured, by the instructor, an tester or the pupil. It is actor to mensurate justice of pupils exoteric presentation. Assessment, hence, involves much more than proving. It is an on-going procedure that encompasses many formal and informal activities intended to analyze and ameliorate instruction and acquisition in all countries of the course of study.On the other manus, rating is more or less defined as the procedure of judging comparative virtue, value, or worthiness of educational plans, or techniques by utilizing realistic information generated through appraisal. It helps in updating the nature and grade of acquisition plays polar function in curricular determination devising and it favour better links between acquisition, and the purposes and aims of learning. Furthermore, it creates strong bond between larning and the environments in which larning takes topographic point. Therefore, in educational scene, appraisal and rating seeks grounds that the acquisition activities designed for pupils argon effectual.Appraisal and valuation from the position of developmentWhy do we measure and measure? This is the first inquiry that knocks in my head whenever I aroma assessment and rating from an angle of development. Generally, instructors plays critical function in developmental appraisal and rating of pupils acquisition and plans for many groundsFirst, appraisal and rating abet instructors and pupil matter decision makers to heighten their apprehension of the demands of a persistently changing pupil population. In add-on, it will assist in placing developmental holds in pupils and to develop schemes for intercession. For that, I would prefer to utilize the construct of incorporate theoretical account of kid development. It is because the theoretical account covers up all developmental countries such(prenominal) as sensory, behavioral, linguistic communication, motor, perceptual, societal cognitive and emotional accomplishments. So it can besides be used to better holistic development of pupils as a pupil, ego, and valuable citizen of the state as it reflects their personalizedity every bit good as their grade of accomplishment in the field of acquisition.Second, ap praisal is besides meant to develop efficient educational institutional programs and policies to run into pupils developmental demands and acquisition manners. They are important for progressing the quality and easy handiness of plans and services.Third, we can non avoid its greatest part in course of study development. Through appraisal and rating, we will be able to assist course of study developers for make up ones minding how we might better classs and programmes. At the same clip, as a instructor we can lend in making alteration on course of study, class stuffs, learning methodological analysiss, etc. It is because assessment consequences can specially supply a powerful rational for procuring scaffold for course of study alterations, development and reappraisal.Formal and Informal Assessment and EvaluationA formal appraisal is besides sometimes known as summational appraisal. And it is by and large assessed in the signifier of quiz, trial, or paper and is graded based on how g ood pupil is able to execute. A summational appraisal is usually carried out at the terminal of unit or faculty.Furthermore, formal appraisals are categorized into criterion-referenced trials and norm-referenced trials. Criterion-referencing is assessment based on certain standard or rule, and norm-referencing is graded appraisal based on the comparings of scholars accomplishment against one another from clip to clip.I prefer more of standard citing method than norm-referencing because it can be used to judge pupils accomplishment and advancement on a series of cardinal standards set based on moderately expected acquisition results and aims. Whereas, norm-referencing is based on the hypothesis, that a more or less similar scope of human public presentation can be anticipated for any pupil group.On the other manus, Informal appraisal is referred as formative trial, and it is a uninterrupted procedure of appraisal and rating. Feedback plays critical function here as it allows both s cholars and instructors to measure acquisition and topographic point out the countries for betterment.But which one could be the better signifier of appraisal, formal or informal? In my sentiment, the usage of informal appraisals is best for the overall acquisition. It facilitate instructors to assess pupils through a scope of classroom-based activities, rove pupils failing so and at that place and get down work for the betterment, instead than waiting at the last minute like informal appraisal.Appraisal and Evaluation for particular demands pupilsStudents holding jobs such as motor, lingual, cognitive, behavioral, organisational, address and physical disablements are normally referred as particular needs pupils, and it besides includes talented pupils. They should non be go away out without normal instruction. Particular agreements or particular demands adjustments should be offered to them in order to prosecute their academic ends and accomplish a higher degree of personal aut onomy.Similarly they besides need to be evaluated and identified their strengths, failings and give guiding rules to do effectual advancement in achieving their academic ends. Other than instructors and equalizes, pupils household should involve in it. So, I feel that, by constructing an confederation with their parents obtaining pupils developmental history and current household experience and discoursing issues with them would assist greatly for turn toing challenges in command particular needs pupils to win like other normal pupils. Furthermore, rating will be holistic and addresses all facets of operation. For that we should non bury to take pupils single acquisition manners into history as all pupils do non hold same learning capableness and ways.Sometimes pupils with particular demands are integrated in symmetrical schoolrooms because the chief thought of appraisal and rating in this field itself is to see whether a pupil is able to accommodate, do advancement and met aims in normal social class like normal pupils. Assessment indicates whether the pupil learned the stuffs intended and what are some of the drawbacks countries to be improved.So schools and teacher must give all pupils an equal chance to instruction. Infect, they should supply counteractive aid to particular needs pupils. Never the less, we as a instructor, in order to choose instruction plan and activities desirable for our pupils, we must carefully measure our options and see the particular needs of our handicapped pupils.Standards based Assessment and EvaluationHere, it includes two types of educational criterions, a sum criterion and a public presentation criterion. A content criterion defines the cognition, constructs, and accomplishments get at each class degree, while public presentation criterion country the degree of public presentation that is considered acceptable alining to the benchmark set by the instructors.Standards-based appraisal and rating is meant to place p upils with disparate gait and capablenesss in acquisition, so that we can plan schemes to assist them and do all of them achieve and maestro to the degree that they are required to retain certain benchmark in acquisition.Understanding exchangeable Test and its features is necessary when we discuss about appraisal and rating from the position of criterion as it is one of the instrument required in standard appraisal and rating procedure. Range of cognition and apprehension in specific topic is being assessed through standardised testing on pupils. And it is a snapshot in clip where appraisals are administered and scored in the same manner for all pupils.For illustration, multiple-choice inquiries and written responses to be answered within a given clip frame are illustrations of standard trial. That means pupils are non allowed to utilize outer resources or mentions in order to finish the trial. Their public presentation on these trials decides whether they will be promoted or non from one class to the following. And this is what about every school territory now administers it.However, it is of import for us non to acquire confused of Standardized trials with the criterions motion, which approve definite grade-level content and public presentation criterions in chief topic sphere. Frequently, regulated unvarying trials are non associated with province and territory content criterions, and these causes perceptibly lose of connexion between what is being taught and what is being tested. So as a instructor we have to treat our learning harmonizing to the course of study.The standard rating will enable other school betterment program and undertakings, and to convey progress alterations in course of study and teaching method, and incorporation of new appraisals. So standardised appraisal and rating is uniformly regulated trial which it refers to when every pupil at a peculiar class degree has to undergo the same trial with same inquiry, at same clip frame in same twelvemonth throughout the state.In the nutshell, we would happen that the descriptions given in above paragraphs are all positions from different positions constructed by speculating the both particular needs pupils and normal pupil as an active in structuring their ain acquisition in the context of societal fundamental interaction function of educational establishments and instructors in set uping the kid s phase of development in any facet of acquisition, and that information collected through several(a) appraisal and rating methods will so be used to scaffold the following acquisition and course of study development.